6. 见第三章。
    7. See Edgar Sanderson, J. P. Lamberton, and John McGovern, Six Thousand Years of History, vol. 7, Famous Foreign Statesmen (Philadelphia: E. R. DuMont, 1900),246ndash;50; Reston, Defenders of the Faith, 384ndash;89. 对日后桀骜不驯、对普世诉求存有戒心的欧洲而言，查理大帝的统治更像盛气凌人的威胁，而不是他几乎实现了人民期待的统一。正如18世纪启蒙运动的重要人物、苏格兰哲学家大卫middot;休谟所说，查理大帝将众多王国和公国置于统一管理之下，使人类再次感到了单一君主统治世界的威胁。David Hume, On the Balance of Power, in Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1742), 2.7.13.
    8. See Jerry Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps (London: Penguin Books, 2013), 82ndash;113 (discussion of the Hereford Mappa Mundi, ca. 1300); 4 Ezra 6:42; Dante Alighieri,The Divine Comedy, trans. Allen Mandelbaum (London: Bantam, 1982), 342; and Osip Mandelstam, Conversation About Dante, inThe Poets Dante, ed. Peter S. Hawkins and Rachel Jacoff (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 67.
    9. 黎塞留自己有一位灰衣主教，即他的心腹谋士弗朗索瓦middot;勒克莱尔middot;德middot;特朗布莱。他因身披嘉布遣会约瑟夫神甫的袍子而被人称为黎塞留的灰衣主教。此后，在外交史上，这一称号被用来指幕后的权势人物。Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941).
    10. See, for example, Niccolograve; Machiavelli,The Art of War (1521),Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy (1531),The Prince (1532).
    11. Joseph Strayer, Hans Gatzke, and E. Harris Harbison,
    The Mainstream of Civilization Since 1500(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 420.
    12. Richelieu, Advis donneacute; au roy sur le sujet de la bataille de Nordlingen, inThe Thirty Years War: A Documentary History, ed. and trans, Tryntje Helfferich (Indianapolis: Hackett,2009), 151.
    13. Peter H. Wilson,The Thirty Years War: Europes Tragedy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 673.
    14. 大多数代表都是带着非常实际的指示来参加会议的。Ibid., 676.
    15.Instrumentum pacis Osnabrugensis (1648)andInstrumentum pacis Monsteriensis (1648), in Helfferich,Thirty Years War, 255, 271.
    16. Wilson,Thirty Years War, 672.
    17. 这些倡导宽容的正式条文只适用于三个得到承认的基督教教派：天主教派、路德教派和加尔文教派。
    18. 巴麦尊对下院的演讲，1848年3月1日。奥兰治的威廉亲王也表达了同样的思想。他为反对法国称霸企图奋斗了一代人的时间（先任荷兰执政，后来又是英格兰、爱尔兰和苏格兰的国王）。他向一位助手吐露说，假如他活在哈布斯堡王朝即将称霸欧洲的16世纪50年代，他会既是一位西班牙人（哈布斯堡人），也是一位法国人。日后的温斯顿middot;丘吉尔也是一样。20世纪30年代有人抨击他反德。他回复说：假如目前情形颠倒过来，我们同样会亲德反法。
    19. Palmerston to Clarendon, July 20, 1856, quoted in Harold Temperley and Lillian M. Penson,Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt (1792) to Salisbury(1902) (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 88.
    20. 促使霍布斯撰写《利维坦》的主要原因是英国的内战。这场战争给英国造成的破坏虽然不及三十年战争给欧洲大陆造成的破坏，但依然很严重。
    21. Thomas Hobbes,Leviathan (1651) (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994), 233.
    22. 记住以下一点很重要：当时中欧只有一个大国;奥地利及其领地。普鲁士尚是位于德国最东边的一个二流国家。德意志是一个地理概念，而不是一个国家。数十个小邦国，有的微不足道，各有各的治理方式。
    23. Lucy Norton, ed.,SaintSimon at Versailles (London: Hamilton, 1958), 217ndash;30.
    24. 直到残酷的外交导致波兰连续三次被瓜分前，腓特烈治下的疆土东边三面与波兰接壤，另一面邻波罗的海。
    25. Gerhard Ritter,Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile, trans. Peter Paret (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), 29ndash;30.
    26. Frederick II of Prussia,Oeuvres, 2, XXV (1775), as quoted in Friedrich Meinecke,Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison deacute;tat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1957) (originally published in German, 1925), 304.
    27. Not so bad for the eve of a great battle. Frederick II, as quoted in Otto von Bismarck,Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (New York: Harper  Brothers, 1899), 316; and Otto von Bismarck,The Kaiser vs. Bismarck: Suppressed Letters by the Kaiser and New Chapters from the Autobiography of the Iron Chancellor(New York: Harper  Brothers, 1921), 144ndash;45.
    28. 正如蒲柏在1734年所说，关于种种治理方式的问题，还是让愚人去争论吧。什么治理效果最好，什么就是最好的。Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1734), epistle iii, lines 303ndash;4.
    29. As quoted in G. P. Gooch,Frederick the Great (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947), 4ndash;5.
    30. David A. Bell,The First Total War: Napoleons Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 5.
    31. 一些论著生动讲述了这一社会现象。See Susan Mary Alsop, The Congress Dances: Vienna,1814ndash;1815 (New York: Harper  Row, 1984); Adam Zamoyski, Rites of Peace:The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna (London: HarperPress, 2007).